CASE REPORT  
Niger J Paed 2013; 40 (3) : 311 - 313  
Ahmad MM  
Ahmed H  
Childhood masturbation simulating  
epileptic seizures: A report of two  
cases and review of the literature  
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v40i3,24  
Accepted: 1st March 2013  
Abstract Background: Childhood  
masturbation (self-gratification)  
may mimic epileptic seizures, and  
is regarded as one of paroxysmal  
non-epileptic disorders in chil-  
dren, which incorporate several  
potential diagnoses. It is charac-  
terized by self-stimulation of the  
genitalia, associated with unusual  
postures and movements which  
could be mistaken for seizures. If  
not recognized, childhood mastur-  
bation could pose diagnostic diffi-  
culties, unnecessary investigative  
spending and considerable paren-  
tal anxiety.  
Design: Descriptive report of clini-  
cal presentation of two cases of  
child masturbation mimicking sei-  
zures  
Conclusion: There is need for high  
index of suspicion in order to diag-  
nose cases of childhood masturba-  
tion which may be confused with  
epileptic seizures. Home video  
recording of the events is very  
helpful in making timely diagno-  
sis; so that unnecessary investiga-  
tions and treatment is avoided.  
(
)
Ahmad MM  
Ahmed H  
Department of Paediatrics, Usmanu  
Danfodiyo University Teaching  
Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria.  
E-mail: murisbn@yahoo.com  
Tel: +2348033691126  
Key words: childhood masturba-  
tion, non-epileptic disorder, sei-  
zure mimics  
Aim: To highlight two cases of  
childhood female masturbation  
simulating epileptic seizures  
Introduction  
mainly while lying down, associated with repeated flex-  
ion and extension of the lower limbs. No history of sud-  
den fall to the ground during any of the episodes, no  
facial twitching or staring gaze and no impairment of  
consciousness. Child would leave the family to find a  
separate place to lie whenever the episode is about to  
occur. Of recent, child would look for a towel/piece of  
cloth that she rubs over the genital region during the  
episodes. She was having 2-3 episodes per week ini-  
tially, but the frequency progressively increased to 2-3  
episodes per day at the time of presentation.  
Mother is uncertain if episodes occur in school, but there  
was no report of such from the teachers. She has been on  
traditional interventions including exorcisms without  
significant change. She was subsequently taken to the  
referring private clinic where she was placed on car-  
bamazepine anticonvulsant for some weeks with no  
clinical benefit.  
Developmental studies have shown that masturbation  
(
self-g,r2atification) is common in infancy and child-  
1
hood, and was first reported by Still in 1909. It is char-  
acterized by self-stimulation of the genitalia, associated  
with unusual postures and movements which could be  
mistaken for seizures. Childhood masturbation is re-  
garded as one of the paroxysmal, non-epileptic disorders  
in children, which incorporate several potential diagno-  
ses. Therefore, if not recognized, it could pose diagnos-  
tic difficulties, unnecessary i3nvestigative spending and  
considerable parental anxiety.  
There is paucity of information on childhood masturba-  
tion simulating epileptic seizures in our environment,  
and to the best of our knowledge; this report is the first  
from this area. Two cases of childhood female masturba-  
tion that were referred to our clinic as ‘seizure disorders’  
are highlighted.  
On presentation at our Paediatric Neurology clinic, fur-  
ther evaluation revealed normal neurodevelopmental  
history and normal clinical examination including an-  
thropometry. Investigations done included electroen-  
cephalograph (EEG), serum electrolytes including so-  
dium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and  
phosphate were all within normal limit.  
Case 1  
ZMG, a 6year old nursery 2 female pupil was referred  
from a private clinic as a case of seizure disorder with  
poor response to anticonvulsant treatment. Her abnormal  
body movement (thought to be convulsions) started at  
age of 7months. The “convulsion” was described as ab-  
normal movement of the limbs and trunk, occurring  
Due to poor response to the increasing doses of the anti-  
convulsant (carbamazepine) for up to 9-weeks, the  
3
12  
mother was asked to take a home video recording of the  
episode for further consideration of the ‘seizure type.’  
Five minute-video-play of the event revealed child in  
prone position having rocking movement of the pelvis,  
with a piece of cloth in her hands being rubbed over the  
genital area and repeated flexion of the lower limbs. She  
responded to the mother’s call and could be distracted  
by the mother during the recorded episode.  
A diagnosis of childhood masturbation mimicking  
epileptic seizures was made. Parent was counseled on  
the harmless nature of the behavior and was advised on  
behavior modification in form of distraction of child’s  
attention when the attacks are about to occur.  
the child’s willful control or is occurring excessively  
and in public, open places which usually connot2es  
significant emotional disturbance in the subject.  
In Africa and other sexually conservative regions where  
6
masturbation may be regarded as a taboo, childhood  
masturbation may be associated with paren,7tal anxiety  
3
and feelings of shame and embarrassment. This may  
predispose the child to maltreatment, parental aggression  
6
or physical abuse including spanking. Some of the  
reported consequences from socio-cultural practices  
include female genital mutilation/cutting, with the aim  
of reducing the child’s sexual desire so as to prevent the  
6
development of sexual promiscuity later in life. Other  
Carbamazepine therapy was gradually withdrawn. How-  
ever, the patient was lost to follow up after withdrawal  
of carbamazepine therapy.  
forms of family or public response to childhood mastur-  
bation has not been well documented as there is sparse  
literatu5re available regarding masturbatory behavior as a  
whole.  
Case 2  
Predisposing factors to childhood masturbation are still  
cont3r,8o,9versial, poorly understood and less well stud-  
RG, a 3year old female, was referred from the Family  
medicine Department of our Hospital, with a 2-year his-  
tory of abnormal stretching of the limbs. Further inquiry  
revealed that episodes occur in recumbent position, with  
unusual side to side pelvic movement, grunting and fa-  
cial flushing during the episodes. No impairment of con-  
sciousness and child responds to, and can be distracted  
temporarily during the episodes. Frequency of the epi-  
sodes was 3-4 times per week. Child knows when the  
episode is “about to come” and would find a place to  
ied.  
However, speculations as to how children learn  
to masturbate have been proffered. Just as infants learn  
to explore the functions of their fingers and mouth, they  
2
do the same with their genitalia. They discover that  
touching some areas (like the genitalia) is pleasurable  
1
0
and are motivated to touch those areas more often.  
Child masturbation may be viewed in the same way as  
thumb-sucking or other behaviors that infants use to  
5
enhance comfort. Younger children do not attach sexual  
lean.” Parents have used various traditional medica-  
thoughts to the act of masturbation but are simply1doing  
1
tions and spiritual healing with no improvement. She  
had normal developmental history and unremarkable  
clinical examination. Investigations done before the  
referral were unremarkable, including serum electro-  
lytes, calcium and EEG. A video recording of the epi-  
sode brought by the parents, showed the child in prone  
position, with abnormal side to side pelvic movement,  
repeated flexion and extension the lower limbs with the  
hands stocked in between the thighs.  
A diagnosis of childhood masturbation was made  
following the clinical history and observation of the  
video recording of the episode. Parents were counseled  
about the behavior, being a normal developmental proc-  
ess, and were advised on behavioral modification/  
distraction of child’s attention. She was reviewed six-  
weeks later, frequency of the episodes was said to have  
reduced to 2-3 times per week. Some intended  
what feels good, providing them with comfort. This  
explanation may be reassuring to some parents who are  
alarmed by the child’s behavior.  
Perineal irritation was also thought as a predisposing  
factor for child masturbation, but the exact relationship  
is unclear. However, perineal irritation/itching may in-  
5
tensify the behavior and increase its frequency. Also,  
child masturbation may be associated with physical or  
emotional stress in form of bo8redom or lack of stimula-  
tion, as contributing factors. Masturbation has been  
shown to occur more often in children who are deprived  
7
in tactile stimulation. Franić et al. have demonstrated  
this fact in a girl who was born nine-months after her  
older sister. Her pregnancy was unwanted and she was  
breastfed for a short period of time (less than a month).  
The child developed infantile masturbation which disap-  
peared during a four-week period in which she suffered  
chicken pox. In that period, the child was more fre-  
quently in contact with her mother because of treatment  
with potassium permanga7nate baths and consequently  
more tactically stimulated.  
masturbation episodes were interrupted by distracting  
child’s attention as advised. Patient was subsequently  
lost to follow-up.  
There is female preponderance of cases of child mastur-  
bation which may justify a hypothetical conjecture that  
it may be hormone related, perhaps postnatal withdrawal  
Discussion  
9
3
of maternal hormones. Thus, Ajlouni et al. studied sex  
hormones and clinical profiles of thirteen masturbating  
infants and young children where they found compara-  
ble levels of all sex hormones with the control group,  
except oestradiol, which was significantly lower among  
the case group. However, oestradiol, being the most  
important of the oestrogen hormones that stimulate  
Childhood masturbation; though a normal developmen-  
tal process may be of medical significance when it is  
mistaken for other diagnoses including epilepsy,  
movement disord,5ers or other medical conditions like  
4
abdominal pain. Masturbation also becomes a psycho-  
pathological disorder if it becomes a compulsion beyond  
3
13  
modification are10t,1h2e keys in management of the child  
and the family. The events usually disappear with  
sexual development in females, would rather be  
expected to be high. Therefore, the low levels found by  
Ajlouni et al. do not seem to explain masturbatory be-  
havior in these children. Hence, in line with the authors  
9
time, without any drug treatment. Distraction/  
redirection can be helpful while the child is attempting  
to masturbate, by engaging the child’s interest in other  
objects or activities away from the behavior. The spec-  
trum of distraction strategies includes playing with the  
child, carrying the child or offering different toys of  
interest, in various combinations. Since boredom and  
parental inattention are some of the risk factors consid-  
ered for masturbation in younger children, parents  
should spend enough time with the child, hugging and  
cuddling the child as necessary. Most children will stop  
the behavior over time if they are appropriately super-  
vised, mildly restricted/redirected and are praised for  
appropriate behavior. There is also the need for more  
understanding of infant and child sexuality issues, so  
that child sexuality would be viewed as a normal devel-  
opmental process.  
3
conclusion, further studies are needed to substantiate  
this finding.  
Masturbation may occasionally be a manifestation of  
1
sexual abuse in a child. Some indicators to the possibil-  
ity of sexual exposure may be suggested if the child is  
suspected to be taught to masturbate by someone, or the  
child tries to stimulate other children or continues to  
masturbate in public. When children report being sexu-  
ally abused, there is a high likelihood that it is true,  
because young children rarely make false accusations.  
Therefore, a search for evidence of sexual abuse or other  
abnormalities in the genital area; by external genital  
examination should be carried out. This is particularly  
important in view of the rising ugly trend of child sexual  
assault/abuse in different communities. Due to frequent  
initial misdiagnosis of masturbation in young children, a  
lot of investigative spending, extensive diagnostic work-  
up and unnecessary drug prescriptions may occur (as in  
the first case report), before the final diagnosis is often  
made. Therefore, particular emphasis should be paid to  
detailed history taking, high index of suspicion and ob-  
servation of the abnormal events (which may be in form  
of video-recording) whenever possible. Important clues  
to the diagnosis of childhood masturbation includes nor-  
mal EEG between or during the attacks, lack of response  
to antiepileptic medication and 10c,1a2reful reviewing of  
videotape recording of the events.  
Conclusion  
There is need for high index of suspicion in order to  
diagnose cases of childhood masturbation which are  
commonly misdiagnosed as ‘seizures’ or movement  
disorders. Home video-recording of the events is very  
helpful in making timely diagnosis, so that unnecessary  
investigations and treatment is avoided.  
Conflict of Interest: None  
Funding: None  
As these behaviors are a normal occurrence in child  
development, interpretation, reassurance and behavioral  
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